The list of rulers of China includes rulers of China with various titles. From the Zhou dynasty to the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title 'king' (Chinese: History of Chinese Americans - Wikipedia. The history of Chinese Americans or the history of ethnic Chinese in the United States relates to the three major waves of Chinese immigration to the United States with the first beginning in the 1. Chinese immigrants in the 1. Central Pacific Railroad. They also worked as laborers in the mining industry, and suffered racial discrimination at every level of society. While industrial employers were eager to get this new and cheap labor, the ordinary white public was stirred to anger by the presence of this . Despite the provisions for equal treatment of Chinese immigrants in the 1. Burlingame Treaty, political and labor organizations rallied against the immigration of what they regarded as a degraded race and . Newspapers condemned the policies of employers, and even church leaders denounced the entrance of these aliens into what was regarded as a land for whites only. So hostile was the opposition that in 1. United States Congress eventually passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prohibited immigration from China for the next ten years. This law was then extended by the Geary Act in 1. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the only U. S. Also by 1. 92. Asian immigrants (except people from the Philippines, which had been annexed by the United States in 1. Caucasians or owning land. In 1. 94. 3, Chinese immigration to the United States was once again permitted. Large- scale Chinese immigration did not occur until 1. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1. Currently, the Chinese constitute the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans (about 2. American society. The influx continues, where each year ethnic Chinese people from the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and to a lesser extent Southeast Asia move to the United States, surpassing Hispanic and Latino immigration by 2. California belonged to Mexico until 1. Chinese had already settled there by the mid- 1. Also later, as part of expeditions in 1. John Meares, a British fur trader, sailing to Vancouver Island from Canton (now Guangzhou), China hired several Chinese sailors and craftsmen to help build the first European- designed boat to be launched in British Columbia.
Effect of a Multifactorial Intervention on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. There the Chinese became excited about opportunities and curious about America by their contact with American sailors and merchants. The main trade route between the United States and China then was between Canton and New England, where the first Chinese arrived via Cape Horn (as the Panama Canal did not exist then). These Chinese were mainly merchants, sailors, seamen, and students who wanted to see and acquaint themselves with a strange foreign land they had only heard about. However their presence was mostly temporary and only a few settled there permanently. American missionaries in China also sent small numbers of Chinese boys to the United States for schooling. From 1. 81. 8 to 1. Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut. In 1. 85. 4 Yung Wing became the first Chinese graduate from an American college, Yale University. April 2. 9, 1. 87. In the 1. 9th Century, Sino- U. S. At first only a handful of Chinese came, mainly as merchants, former sailors, to America. The first Chinese people of this wave arrived in the United States around 1. Subsequent immigrants that came from the 1. In 1. 83. 4 Afong Moy became the first female Chinese immigrant to the United States; she was brought to New York City from her home of Guangzhou by Nathaniel and Frederick Carne, who exhibited her as . There were 3. 23 more immigrants in 1. The Chinese did not, however, only come for the gold rush in California, but also helped build the First Transcontinental Railroad, worked the southern plantations after the Civil War, and participated in setting up California's agriculture and fisheries. From the outset, they were faced with the racism of settled European population, which since the 1. Chinese migrants into what became known as Chinatowns. They had to pay special taxes (all foreign miners had to pay a tax of $2. European partners and could not acquire U. S. Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Decrees by the Qing dynasty issued in 1. Ming dynasty from establishing bases overseas. However, these decrees were widely ignored. Large- scale immigration of Chinese laborers began after the First (1. The Burlingame Treaty with the United States in 1. United States began. Less frequently, they left from the Portuguese colony of Macau, which was a large transhipment center for bonded laborers (called coolies as their contracts specified conditions of servitude, slavery or peonage). Only merchants were able to take their wives and children overseas. The vast majority of Chinese immigrants were peasants, farmers and craftsmen. Young men, who were usually married, left their wives and children behind since they intended to stay in America only temporarily. Wives also remained behind to fulfill their traditional obligation to care for their husbands' parents. The men sent a large part of the money they earned in America back to China. Because it was usual at that time in China to live in confined social nets, families, unions, guilds, and sometimes whole village communities or even regions (for instance, Taishan) sent nearly all of their young men to California. From the beginning of the California gold rush until 1. Because the chances to earn more money were far better in America than in China, these migrants often remained considerably longer than they had planned initially, despite increasing xenophobia and hostility towards them. Photo in San Francisco Chinatown from 1. The money to fund their journey was mostly borrowed from relatives, district associations or commercial lenders. In addition, American employers of Chinese laborers sent hiring agencies to China to pay for the Pacific voyage of those who were unable to borrow money. The credit- ticket system had long been used by indentured migrants from South China who left to work in what Chinese called Nanyang (South Seas), the region to the south of China that included the Philippines, the former Dutch East Indies, the Malay Peninsula, and Borneo, Thailand, Indochina, and Burma. The Chinese who left for Australia also used the credit- ticket system. But there were differences compared with the policy for European immigrants, in that if the Chinese migrants had children born in the United States, those children would automatically acquire American citizenship. However, the immigrants themselves would remain as foreigners indefinitely. Unlike European immigrants the possibility of naturalization was withheld from the Chinese. The Chinese immigrants neither spoke nor understood English and were not familiar with western culture and life; they often came from rural China and therefore had difficulty in adjusting to and finding their way around large towns such as San Francisco. The racism they experienced from the European Americans from the outset increased continuously until the turn of the 2. American society. This in turn led to the creation, cohesion, and cooperation of many Chinese benevolent associations and societies whose existence in the United States continued far into the 2. There were also many other factors that hindered their assimilation, most notably their appearance. Under Qing dynasty law, Han Chinese men were forced under the threat of beheading to follow Manchu customs including shaving the front of their heads and combing the remaining hair into a queue. Historically, to the Manchus, the policy was both an act of submission and, in practical terms, an identification aid to tell friend from foe. Because Chinese immigrants returned as often as they could to China to see their family, they could not cut off their often hated braids in America and then legally re- enter China. The number of Chinese migrants who converted to Christianity remained at first low. They were mainly Protestants who had already been converted in China where foreign Christian missionaries (who had first come en masse in the 1. Christianize the nation with relatively minor success. Christian missionaries had also worked in the Chinese communities and settlements in America, but nevertheless their religious message found few who were receptive. It was estimated that during the first wave until the 1. Chinese Exclusion Act, less than 2. Chinese immigrants had accepted Christian teachings. Their difficulties with integration were exemplified by the end of the first wave in the mid- 2. Chinese living in the U. S. In 1. 85. 0, the Chinese community of San Francisco consisted of 4,0. By 1. 85. 5, women made up only two percent of the Chinese population in the United States, and even by 1. The lack of visibility of Chinese women in general was due partially to the cost of making the voyage when there was a lack of work opportunities for Chinese women in America. This was exacerbated by the harsh working conditions and the traditional female responsibility of looking after the children and extended family back in China. The only women who did go to America were usually the wives of merchants. Other factors were cultural in nature, such as having bound feet and not leaving the home. Another important consideration was that most Chinese men were worried that by bringing their wives and raising families in America they too would be subjected to the same racial violence and discrimination they had faced. With the heavily uneven gender ratio, prostitution grew rapidly and the Chinese sex trade and trafficking became a lucrative business. Documents from the 1. U. S. Census show that 6. Chinese women in California were classified as prostitutes as an occupation. The existence of Chinese prostitution was detected early, after which the police, legislature and popular press singled out Chinese prostitutes for criticism. This was seen as further evidence of the depravity of the Chinese and the repression of women in their patriarchal cultural values. By the time of the 1. U. S. Census, documents show that only 2.
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